Interleukin 13 on Microglia is Neurotoxic in Lipopolysaccharide-injected Striatum in vivo

To explore the potential function of interleukin-13 (IL-13), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or PBS as a control was unilaterally microinjected into striatum of rat brain. Seven days after LPS injection, there was a significant loss of neurons and microglial activation in the striatum, visualized by immunohistochemical staining against neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and the OX-42 (complement receptor type 3, CR3), respectively. In parallel, IL-13 immunoreactivity was increased as early as 3 days and sustained up to 7 days post LPS injection, compared to PBS-injected control and detected exclusively within microglia. Moreover, GFAP immunostaining and blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability evaluation showed the loss of astrocytes and disruption of BBB, respectively. By contrast, treatment with IL-13 neutralizing antibody (IL-13NA) protects NeuN + neurons against LPSinduced neurotoxicity in vivo . Accompanying neuroprotection, IL-13NA reduced loss of GFAP + astrocytes and damage of BBB in LPS-injected striatum. Intriguingly, treatment with IL-13NA produced neurotrophic factors (NTFs) on survived astrocytes in LPS-injected rat striatum. Taken together, the present study suggests that LPS induces expression of IL-13 on microglia, which contributes to neurodegeneration via damage on astrocytes and BBB disruption in the striatum in vivo.

Vitamin D Deficiency and Sarcopenia in Hip Fracture Patients

Background@#Vitamin D plays a critical role in the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle and bone metabolism. We compared the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery (HFS) with those undergoing elective primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). We also evaluated the association between vitamin D deficiency and sarcopenia. @*Methods@#This prospective study included 70 patients in the HFS group, and 100 patients in the elective THA group. The HFS group included 42 women, while the elective THA group included 74 women. The mean age in the HFS and elective THA groups was 79.8 and 75.4 years, respectively, and the mean preoperative Koval score was 2.1 and 2.3, respectively. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 levels were measured by I125 radioimmunoassay. Bone mineral density and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) were measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenia index was calculated by dividing ASM (kg) by the body mass index (kg/m2). Sarcopenia was diagnosed when the sarcopenia index was <0.789 in men and <0.512 in women. @*Results@#Serum vitamin D levels were lower, and the percentages of patients with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were higher in the HFS group than in the elective THA group. In the HFS group, the prevalence of sarcopenia was higher in men (57%, 16/28) than in women (29%, 12/42; P=0.025). @*Conclusions@#Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in patients undergoing HFS than in patients undergoing elective THA. Among patients undergoing HFS, vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in sarcopenic than in non-sarcopenic patients.

A Rare Case of Nodular Mucinosis of the Breast

No abstract available.

Aurora Kinase A Is a Prognostic Marker in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: Aurora kinase A (AURKA), or STK15/BTAK, is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family and plays important roles in mitosis and chromosome stability. This study investigated the clinical significance of AURKA expression in colorectal cancer patients in Korea. METHODS: AURKA protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 151 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma using tissue microarray blocks. We analyzed the relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and AURKA expression. In addition, the prognostic significance of various clinicopathological data for progression-free survival (PFS) was assessed. Also we evaluated copy number variations by array comparative genomic hybridization and AURKA gene amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridization in colorectal carcinoma tissues. RESULTS: AURKA gene amplification was found more frequently in the 20q13.2–13.33 gain-positive group than the group with no significant gain on the AURKA-containing locus. AURKA protein expression was detected in 45% of the cases (68/151). Positive staining for AURKA was observed more often in male patients (p = .035) and distally located tumors (p = .021). PFS was shorter in patients with AURKA expression compared to those with low-level AURKA expression (p < .001). Univariate analysis revealed that AURKA expression (p = .001), age (p = .034), lymphatic invasion (p = .001), perineural invasion (p = .002), and TNM stage (p = .013) significantly affected PFS. In a multivariate analysis of PFS, a Cox proportional hazard model confirmed that AURKA expression was an independent and significant prognostic factor in colorectal adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio, 3.944; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: AURKA could serve as an independent factor to predict a poor prognosis in Korean colorectal adenocarcinoma patients.

Lumbar Lordosis of Spinal Stenosis Patients during Intraoperative Prone Positioning

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of spondylolisthesis on lumbar lordosis on the OSI (Jackson; Orthopaedic Systems Inc.) frame. Restoration of lumbar lordosis is important for maintaining sagittal balance. Physiologic lumbar lordosis has to be gained by intraoperative prone positioning with a hip extension and posterior instrumentation technique. There are some debates about changing lumbar lordosis on the OSI frame after an intraoperative prone position. We evaluated the effect of spondylolisthesis on lumbar lordosis after an intraoperative prone position. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients, who underwent spinal fusion at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of Gwangmyeong Sungae Hospital between May 2007 and February 2012, were included in this study. The study compared lumbar lordosis on preoperative upright, intraoperative prone and postoperative upright lateral X-rays between the simple stenosis (SS) group and spondylolisthesis group. The average age of patients was 67.86 years old. The average preoperative lordosis was 43.5degrees (+/- 14.9degrees), average intraoperative lordosis was 48.8degrees (+/- 13.2degrees), average postoperative lordosis was 46.5degrees (+/- 16.1degrees) and the average change on the frame was 5.3degrees (+/- 10.6degrees). RESULTS: Among all patients, 24 patients were diagnosed with simple spinal stenosis, 43 patients with spondylolisthesis (29 degenerative spondylolisthesis and 14 isthmic spondylolisthesis). Between the SS group and spondylolisthesis group, preoperative lordosis, intraoperative lordosis and postoperative lordosis were significantly larger in the spondylolisthesis group. The ratio of patients with increased lordosis on the OSI frame compared to preoperative lordosis was significantly higher in the spondylolisthesis group. The risk of increased lordosis on frame was significantly higher in the spondylolisthesis group (odds ratio, 3.325; 95% confidence interval, 1.101 to 10.039; p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative lumbar lordosis on the OSI frame with a prone position was larger in the SS patients than the spondylolisthesis patients, which also produced a larger postoperative lordosis angle after posterior spinal fusion surgery. An increase in lumbar lordosis on the OSI frame should be considered during posterior spinal fusion surgery, especially in spondylolisthesis patients.

Effect of Smoking on Osteoporotic Vertebral Fracture in Postmenopausal Women

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between smoking and osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) in postmenopausal women. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Several studies have examined the relationship of smoking with hip fractures, but few studies have analyzed the relationship of smoking with spine fractures in women thus far. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study considered 1255 postmenopausal women aged 50 years and older (enrollment from April 2008 to January 2009) from 62 study sites in a nationwide hospital. The amount of smoking was calculated in pack-years. Further, OVFs were diagnosed using a semi-quantitative method. To analyze the relationship between smoking and OVFs, we used a paired t-test, a χ2-test, and a binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The past history of smoking was 7.2% in the patient group and 4.3% in the control group (p=0.025). The mean pack-years of smoking was 0.34 in the control group and 0.62 in the patient group (p=130). The mean T-score in the lumbar bone mass density (BMD) was –1.64 in the control group and –2.19 in the patient group (p=0.409). Smoking was a risk factor of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women (odd's ratio=1.68, 95% confidence interval=1.020–2.759, p=0.042) irrespective of the lumbar BMD and the medical treatment for osteoporosis and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is a risk factor for osteoporotic vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women independently without regard to lumbar BMD. Therefore, cessation of smoking is important for the prevention of OVFs in postmenopausal women.

The Use of T1 Sagittal Angle in Predicting Cervical Disc Degeneration

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation. PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of T1 slope on degree of degeneration in patients with cervical disc degeneration. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: The T1 slope is well known parameter that may be very useful in evaluating sagittal balance. There are no reports on the analysis of the relationship between T1 slope and cervical disc degeneration. We hypothesized that T1 slope has an effect on the degree of cervical degeneration. METHODS: Sixty patients who had cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in our orthopedic clinic were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups according to T1 slope. Radiologic parameters obtained from radiography and cervical spine MRI were compared between low T1 slope group (25). RESULTS: Among low T1 slope group, average degeneration grade of each cervical segment was 2.65 in C2-3, 2.50 in C3-4, 2.62 in C4-5, 3.23 in C5-6, and 2.81 in C6-7. And that of high T1 group was 2.35 in C2-3, 2.32 in C3-4, 2.59 in C4-5, 2.79 in C5-6, and 2.32 in C6-7. Grade of degeneration of low T1 group was significantly higher, as compared with high T1 group in C5-6 (p=0.028) and C6-7 (p=0.009). Percentage of high grade degeneration of more than grand III was 65.4% in low T1 group and 32.4% in high T1 group (p=0.018). Risk of high grade degeneration of C6-7 was significantly higher in low T1 group (odds ratio, 5.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.665-19.057; p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with low T1 slope had higher grade of degeneration regardless of age and gender. Low T1 slope is a potential risk factor of cervical spondylosis especially in the C6-7 cervical segment.

Quality of Life Comparison between Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty in Patients with Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation. PURPOSE: To compare quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) who underwent vertebroplasty (VP) or kyphoplasty (KP). OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Patient with OVFs who do not respond to conservative treatment can be treated with VP or ballon KP for faster pain relief. There are controversies on which procedure is more effective. METHODS: Five hundred twenty-eight postmenopausal women in nationwide hospitals with age of 50 years or older who underwent VP of KP for OVFs were enrolled in this study. Health related quality of life was measured using the European Quality of Life 5 Domains (EQ-5D) and visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: In the VP group, average EQ-5D dimension was 1.95 in mobility, 1.86 in self care, 2.02 in usual activity, 2.19 in pain, 1.69 in anxiety or depression. In the KP group, average EQ-5D dimension was 1.83 in mobility, 1.78 in self care, 1.98 in usual activity, 2.03 in pain, 1.55 in anxiety or depression. Quality of life of KP group was significantly better than that of the VP group in mobility (p=0.016), pain (p=0.001), and anxiety or depression (p=0.008). Average EQ-5D index of the VP and the KP group was 0.353 (+/-0.472) and 0.485 (+/-0.357), respectively. The EQ-5D index of the KP group was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that of the KP group. The difference of VAS between VP and KP group was not statistically significant (p=0.580). CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life in patient with OVFs who underwent KP was significantly better than that of patients who underwent VP.

Comparison of Corneal Thickness Measurements Between Orbscan Topography System and Ultrasonic Pachymetry before and after LASIK

PURPOSE: To report the difference of the values of the corneal thickness measurement measured by Orbscan topography system and ultrasonic pachymetry is different between pre-LASIK and post-LASIK. METHODS: The corneal thickness measured by these two methods was compared in 32 pre-LASIK eyes of 18 subjects and 31 post-LASIK eyes of 20 subjects passed 3 months after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). RESULTS: In the pre-LASIK eyes, the cornea measured thicker by Orbscan topography system than by ultrasonic pachymeter (16.94+/-13.1 microgram, average +/- standard deviation, p=0.001). In the post-LASIK eyes, there was no statistically significant difference in the values of corneal thickness measurement between two methods (-9.58+/-27.88 microgram, p=0.0653). CONCLUSION: We must give attention to the interpretation of values of corneal thickness measurement measured by Orbscan topography system and ultrasonic pachymetry because the correlations between the two methods in pre and post-LASIK eyes are different. We assume that differences of the values of measurement between the two methods may result from either technical errors of the measurers , interference of corneal interface, or change of tear film.

Factors Associated with the Posterior Corneal Surface Elevation in Mmyopic Eye

PURPOSE: To know the factors associated with the posterior corneal surface elevation in myopic eye. METHODS: The posterior corneal surface elevation (PCSE), keratometry, central corneal thickness (CCT), peripheral corneal thickness (PCT), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) were measured in 64 right myopic eyes with the Orbscan topography system. The correlation between PCSE and age, refractive error, intraocular pressure (IOP), keratometry, CCT, TCT, PCT, PCT-CCT, PCT/CCT, PCT-TCT, and PCT/TCT was evaluated. RESULTS: The posterior corneal surface elevation has correlation with CCT (r:.0.3306, p:0.0071), TCT ( r :.0.4094, p:0.0007), PCT-CCT(r:0.3326, p:0.0068), PCT/CCT (r:0.3759, p:0.0020), PCT-TCT (r: 0.4750, p:0.0001), and PCT/TCT (r:0.5145, p:0.0001) but does not have correlation with age, keratometry, refractive error, IOP (r:.0.0627, p:0.6225), and PCT. CONCLUSIONS: In myopic eyes, the posterior corneal surface elevation correlates with central corneal thickness and specifically the ratio PCT to TCT.

Bromate Intoxication Associated with Acute Renal Failure / 대한신장학회잡지

Bromate salt is very toxic oxidant. The clinical manifestations of bromate intoxications are vomiting, diarrhea, depression of central nervous system, oliguric or non-oliguric renal failure, hemolytic anemia and deafness. Most of the toxic manifestations are reversible with the exception of renal failure and deafness. Since bromate is a small hydrophilic molecule, its removal by dialysis, especially hemodialysis, can reasonably be expected. Since the serious complications such as deafness, acute renal failure usually occur concurrently within 4-16 hours after ingestion, dialysis should therefore be considered in every patient presenting within a few hours of a significant amount of bromate. Recently, we encountered a 40-year-old female, past hairdresser, who was admitted to Asan Kangnung Hospital due to frequent diarrhea, vomiting and anuria after ingestion of sodium bromate. The patient required regular hemodialysis therapy and has not any evidence of complication such as hearing loss, blindness and irreversible renal failure. The clinician must assess the potential for preventing irreversible ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity and weigh the importance of early intervention against the possible risks of aggressive treatment in bromate intoxication.

Flap Complications of LASIK

Laser in situ keratomileusis[LASIK]for myopia reduces the risk of corneal haze but adds to the risk of flap complications. We assessed the incidence of flap complications overall, the management, the impact of the complications on best corrected visual acuity[BCVA], and the trend in these complications during the surgeon's learning curve in the series of 621 eyes undergoing LASIK.Twenty[3.2%]of 621 eyes had flap-related complications.The incidence of intraop-erative complications was fourteen eyes[2.2%], and it included irregular keratectomy in ten eyes[1.6%], incomplete keratectomy in four eyes[0.6%].The incidence of postoperative complications was six eyes[1.0%], and it included epithelial ingrowth in five eyes[0.8%], and diffuse lamellar keratitis in one eye[0.2%].There weren't grave complications such as infectious keratitis or corneal perforation.There was no change between preoperative and postoperative BCVA in seventeen eyes[85%].No eye lost 2 or more lines of BCVA because of flap complications. In conclusion, flap complications after LASIK were relatively uncommon, and rarely lead to a permanent decrease in visual acuity.Physician experience with the microkeratome and the careful handling of the corneal flap may be important to decrease the incidence of flap mplications.But even though it occurs, proper management and treatment will result in good surgical outcomes without grave visual impairment.

Effects of Signal Transduction Pathway in the ras-induced Cellular Transformation of Human Epithelial Cells in Culture

The present study has attempted to look into the mechanism of ras-induced carcinogenesis in a human epithelial cell system. Human epithelial cells immortalized with Ad12-SV40 hybrid virus were used to assess carcinogenic potential of the ras-oncogene. Cells transfected with pSV2-ras showed characteristics of cellular transformation. The transformation parameters such as cell density, soft-agar colony formation, and cell aggregation were significantly increased in the cells expressing ras oncoprotein. In addition, the duration required for the appearance of foci was shortened in the ras-transfected cells. Consistent with other reports, our results demonstrated an evidence that the ras-oncogene induced the cellular transformation of human epithelial cell system. When a high concentration of glucocorticoid was added into the media, transformation process was accelerated. It is speculated that glucocorticoid may provide an advantageous environment for the proliferation of the transformed cells. The induction of the intracellular free calcium concentrations following agonist treatment was significantly lower in the transformed cells than in the control cells. These effects were more manifested in the presence of extracellular cacium, indicating that the transformation process may alter the influx pathway of extracellular calcium. The induction of IP3 following agonist treatment was also lower in the transformed cells than in the control cells. Thus, it is suggested that phospholipase C-coupled pathway was down-regulated in the process of the ras-induced transformation. While the levels of TGF-beta1 and PAI-2 mRNAs were decreased, the level of fibronectin mRNA was increased. The results indicate that mechanism of the ras-induced transformation may be associated with the altered expressions of growth regulatory factors. The present study demonstrates an evidence that the ras-induced cellular transformation may be associated with alteration of signal transduction and growth regulatory factors. The study will contribute to improve the understanding of molecular mechanism of epithelium-derived cancers including oral cancer.

A Pilot Study on Total Plasma Homocysteine Level of Patients with Cerebral Infarction

BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocysteinemia has been known to be associated with cerebrovascular disease. It is toxic to vascular endothelial cell and promotes arteriosclerotic detachment. There was no study of the homocysteine level in ischemic stroke patients in Korea except case report. Therefore we measured total plasma homocysteine level in ischemic stroke patients and evaluated association with other stroke risk factors. METHODS: We measured total plasma homocysteine level in 44 patients with ischemic stroke and 16 age-matched normal controls, and analyzed its relationship to other stroke risk factors. Total plasma homocysteine level was determined by using a radioenzymatic method. RESULTS: Total plasma homocysteine level was 12.12 5.11 micromol/L in patients and 9.40 1.93 micromol/L in controls. It was 13.03 5.78 micromol/L in lacunar infarction and 9.96 1.57 micromol/L in territory infarction. The total plasma homocysteine level of the patients with hypertension, DM, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, smoking, alcohol, previous stroke, carotid bruit was not different statistically from those without them. CONCLUSIONS: Total plasma homocysteine level was significantly higher in the ischemic stroke patients than that of controls. Lacunar infarction showed significantly higher level of total plasma homocysteine compared to territory infarction.

Report for Development of Korean Portable Cardiopulmonary Bypass II. Experimental Study of Portable Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Emergency Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation after Cardiac Arrest in Normal Dogs / 대한흉부외과학회지

BACKGROUND: Portable cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) technique has been used increasingly as a potent and effective option for emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) because it can maintain more stable hemodynamics and provide better survival than conventional CPR techniques. This study was designed to develop a prototype of Korean portable CPB system and, by applying it to CPR, to discriminate whether it would be superior to standard open-chest CPR. MATERIAL AND METHOD: By using adult mongrel dogs, open-chest CPR (OCPR group, n=4) and portable-CPB CPR (CPB group, n=4) were compared with respects to restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), hemodynamics, effects on blood cells, blood gas patterns, biochemical markers, and survivals. Ventricular fibrillation-cardiac arrest (VF-CA) of arrest (VF-CA) of 4 minutes followed by basic life support (BLS) of 15 minutes was applied in either group, which was standardized by the protocol of American Heart Association. Then, advanced life support (ALS) was applied to either group under the support of internal cardiac massage or CPB. ALS was maintained until ROSC was achieved but not longer than 30 minutes regardless of the presence of ROSC. All of the measured values were expressed as means+/-SD percent change from baseline. RESULT: During the early ALS, higher mean arterial pressure was maintained in CPB group than in OCPR group (90+/-19 vs. 71+/-32 %; p<.05) and lower mean pulmonary arterial pressure was also maintained in CPB group than in OCPR group (105+/-24 vs. 146+/-6%; p<.05). ROSC was achieved in all dogs. Post-ROSC levels of hematocrit, RBC, and platelet were decreased and plasma free hemoglobin was increased significantly in CPB group compared to OCPR group (p<.05). Changes in blood gas patterns, lactate, and CK-MB levels were not different between groups. Early mortality was seen in 3 dogs in OCPR group (survival time 31+/-36 hours) and 2 in CPB group (228+/-153 hours, p=ns). The remainders in both groups showed prolonged survival. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that portable CPB can be effective to maintain stable hemodynamics during cardiac arrest, to achieve ROSC and to prolong survival. Further study is needed to refine the portable CPB system and to meet clinical challenges.

THE EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF n-PTFE ON MANDIBULAR BONE DEFECTS OF RABBITS

We observed the effect of application of n-PTFE on mandibular bone defects in the rabbit. GTR is based on the hypothesis that during wound healing, non-osteogenic cells are mechanically blocked from entering a bone defect. This allows the slower-migrating mesenchymal cells from the surrounding bone and marrow, having osteogenic potential, to move the defect site. Bilateral through & through defects, 8mmx4mm in size, involving the inferior border of mandible, were created in the mandible angle of 15 rats. The experimental side was applied with high-density n-PTFE membrane, with the opposite side serving as a control. In the first week of the early experimental period, the bone defects of experimental groups were filled with highly vascularized fibrous connective tissue showing prominent osteoblastic activity with osteoid formation, whereas the defects of control were replaced by dense fibro-muscular tissue without osteoblastlf activity. After 3 weeks, the experimental group revealed well formed bone trabeculae and fibro-vascular marrow within surrounding membrane. With time the amount of new bone was decreased with increase of hematopoietic marrow, and the cortical plate composed of dense mature bone was more thicker. In the whole experimental periods, the inflammation and foreign body reaction were not found around the inserted n-PTFE membrane. After removal of membrane there was marked remodeling of newly formed bone by active osteoclasts in periosteal soft tissue, which decreased the bone volume apparently. These findings suggest that n-PTFE has biocompatibility, flexibility, and rigidity and offer rapid bone regeneration within limited area by the membrane. On the other hand, the early removal of membrane caused reduction of bone volume by the osteoclastic resorption. Thus, the time of removal may be more important factor for maintenance of regenerated bone volume.

A case report of the Peripheral cementifying fibroma arising from periodontal ligament of mandibular psoterior tooth

Peripheral cementifying fibroma is histomorphologically similar to the central cementifying fibroma, but this lesion is unique to the gingival mucosa and is only rarely seen in edentulous area. In most instances, it arise from interdental papilla, with 80% occurring anterior to molar region. This lesion appears to involve the maxilla and mandible equally, demonstrates the highest occurrence rate during the second decade of life, and affects female more frequently than male, with 4.3:1 to 3:2. Peripheral cementifying fibroma presents as firm, pedunculated or sessile mass with an intact or ulcerated surface depending on the presence of trauma. Microscopically, it reveals a highly cellular mass of connective tissue containing numerous plump, proliferating fibrolasts and several forms of calcification. Effective treatment requires deep excision, which includes the ligament and periosteum, followed by a thorough root scaling of the adjacent teeth. A reveiw of the literature and a report of a case of peripheral cementifying fibroma are presented.

Effect of Nitric Oxide on Penile Erection in Rats / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to have a strong relaxant effect in various biological organs including blood vessels and corpus cavernosum. The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of NO on penile erection in vivo. In 42 adult (250-350 gm) Sprague Dawley rats, we observed cavernosal and systemic response to cavernous nerve stimulation (1 Hz. 3-5 volt), intracavernosal injection of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor , L-arginine hydrochloride and guanylate cyclase inhibitor (methylene blue). Intracavernous injections of L-NOARG (0.000001M to 0.00lM, n=7) and L- NAME (0.000001M to 0.001M n=7) were found to suppress the nerve induced erection in concentration dependent manner. Subsequent intracavernous injection of L- arginine hydrochloride ( 0.0lM n=7) partially stored penile erection suppressed by L-NOARG (0.00lM) or L-NAME (0.00lM). Intracavernous injection of methylene blue (0.000001M to 0.000000lM n=7) suppressed both nerve induced erection and sodium nitroprusside (0.001M)-induced erection in concentration dependent manner. These results indicate that nitric oxide is a strong neurotransmitter that mediates penile erection, and that nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway is responsible for penile erection.

A case report of adenoid cystic carcinoma on maxillary antrum and infratemporal space

No abstract available.

Respiratory infection by mycoplasma pneumoniae

No abstract available.